Andy's World Automobile Industry

What has Renault got to do with Nissan? Geely with Volvo? Tata with Jaguar?

Consolidation of the global automobile industry is moving forward at a breathtaking pace. In 2008, the top ten groups

Toyota (9.2 mio. vehicles, including Daihatsu and Hino)
General Motors (8.3 mio., including GM Daewoo)
Volkswagen (6.4 mio., including Scania)
Renault-Nissan (5.8 mio., including Samsung)
Ford (5.4 mio.)
Hyundai-Kia (4.2 mio.)
Honda (3.9 mio.)
Peugeot-Citroën (3.3 mio.)
Suzuki (2.6 mio., including Maruti)
FIAT (2.5 mio.)

accounted for almost three quarters of the world-wide production of 69.6 mio. vehicles (2000: 58.0 mio., 2001: 56.3 mio., 2002: 58.8 mio., 2003: 60.6 mio., 2004: 64.2 mio., 2005: 66.5 mio., 2006: 68.3 mio., 2007: 72.2 mio.). Even more impressive, the top 5 players alone made up for more than half of the global market. However, this is only part of the story. An ever increasing number of vehicles with well-known brand names are actually manufactured by joint ventures or as license productions in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries. In China, these made up the majority of the 9.3 mio. vehicles produced in the country in 2008.

So what will be the trends in the future? Will there be a further concentration, or will overproduction, financial crisis and global recession break up some of the major groups? And what will be the effects of rising energy prices, global warming, and technological breakthroughs such as lithium-ion batteries, hybrid and plug-in electric cars?

At the moment, it seems likely that those global players which have done particularly well over the last few years—namely Toyota, Volkswagen, Hyundai-Kia, Honda, and Suzuki —will continue to do so (see production chart). And certainly, these companies will be joined by new global players with an annual production of more than 1 mio. vehicles within just a few years. One likely candidate, Tata from India, already reached 0.8 mio. vehicles in 2008. It also seems certain that there will be a consolidation among the 20+ major Chinese manufacturers; a process which has already begun by the takeover of Nanjing by SAIC in 2007. The increasingly complex structure of the industry is illustrated on this page.

Diese Seite gibt es auch auf deutsch.

Layout

The structure of an independent company is shown as follows:

independent company
brands, divisions, controlled companies	other interests

This general layout may also be cascaded. The prodominant kind of product is indicated using different colors:

cars, including sport utility vehicles (SUV)
light and heavy trucks
buses and coaches
motorcycles
engines and other components; non-automotive activities
contract manufacturer or small series producer

Major overseas subsidiaries with a substantial local manufacturing capacity (usually at least 100000 units) are also included. Joint ventures are indicated by lighter colors.

Whereever available, the better known brand names are used instead of the official company names. This leads to some important simplifications: For example, no distinction is made between the "Ford Motor Company" and its "Ford" division (this is only a matter of internal organization, anyway). Names not appearing on vehicle badges, such as Daimler or NUMMI, are set in italics. Companies are listed in alphabetical order. Click on names to go to the respective company web pages.

Details given for a company may include location of its headquarter, shares held by its parent company, production in thousands for 2008, and a list of selected production sites (in brackets). Vehicles are counted according to the brand name used, so a Toyota made by NUMMI in California is counted as a Toyota, and a Volkswagen made by Shanghai Volkswagen is counted as a Volkswagen.

Companies

Adam Karachi, Pakistan

ARO Campulung, Romania

Artega Delbrück, Germany est. in 2008

Ashok Leyland Chennai, India 71
Avia Prague, Czechia acquired in 2006

Aston Martin Gaydon, Warwickshire, England est. in 1913 sold by Ford in 2007

Beijing Automobile Works (BAW) Beijing, China 447 (not including Daimler, Hyundai)
Beijing Benz Beijing, China 50% opened in 2006	Beijing Hyundai Beijing, China	Foton Beijing, China est. in 1996

Bertone Turin, Italy

Bitter Ennepetal, Germany

BMC Izmir, Turkey est. in 1964

BMW Munich, Germany 1440 (Dingolfing, Leipzig, Munich, Regensburg)
BMW Spartanburg, SC, USA	BMW Berlin, Germany	Mini Cowley, England acquired in 1994	Rolls-Royce Goodwood, England acquired in 1998/2003	Brilliance BMW Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Bosch Stuttgart, Germany

BOVA Valkenswaard, The Netherlands

Brilliance Shenyang, Liaoning, China 242 (not including BMW)
Brilliance BMW Shenyang, Liaoning, China	Jinbei Shenyang, Liaoning, China	Zhonghua Shenyang, Liaoning, China

Bristol London, England (Bristol)

Build Your Dream (BYD) Shenzhen, China 193 est. in 2003

Caterham Caterham, England

Chana (Changan) Chongqing, China 531 (not including Ford, Suzuki)
Changan Ford Chongqing, China 50%	Changan Suzuki Chongqing, China 51%

Changfeng Changsha, Hunan, China

Changhe Jingdezhen, Jiangxi,China 107 (not including Suzuki)
Changhe Suzuki Jingdezhen, Jiangxi,China

Chery Wuhu, Anhui, China 351 est. in 1997
Riich (Ruiqi) brand est. in 2010	Rely (Weilin) brand est. in 2010

China Motor xxx, Taiwan
	Soueast Fuzhou, Fujian, China 25%

Chrysler Auburn Hills, MI, USA 1893 (Belvidere, IL, Detroit, MI, Newark, DE, St. Louis, MO, Sterling Heights, MI, Toledo, OH, Warren, MI) bankrupt in 2009
Chrysler xxx, Canada	Chrysler Toluca, Mexico	Dodge est. in 1914, acquired in 1928	Jeep

Continental Hannover, Germany
VDO Schwalbach, Germany acquired in 2007

Daewoo Bus Busan, Korea est. in 1955

Mercedes-Benz (Daimler) Stuttgart, Germany 2174 (Bremen, Düsseldorf, Gaggenau, Ludwigsfelde, Mannheim, Rastatt, Sindelfingen, Ulm, Untertürkheim, Wörth)
AMG Affalterbach, Germany	Freightliner Portland, OR, USA acquired in 1981			FUSO Tokyo, Japan 85% acquired in 2003-2005	Maybach brand relaunch in 2002	Mercedes-Benz East London, South Africa	Mercedes-Benz Vitoria, Spain	Mercedes-Benz Tuscaloosa, AL, USA	Orion Mississauga, ON, Canada	Setra Ulm, Germany	Smart Biel, Switzerland (Hambach, France)	Beijing Benz Beijing, China 50% est. in 2005	EADS Schiphol Rijk, The Netherlands 22.5% est. in 1999	KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia 10% acquired in 2008	McLaren Woking, England 40% acquired in 2000	MTU Friedrichshafen, Germany 22.3% acquired in 2008	Nissan Tokyo, Japan 3.1% acquired in 2010	Renault Boulogne-Billancourt, France 3.1% acquired in 2010	Tata Pune, India 7%	Tesla San Carlos, CA, USA 10% acquired in 2009
	Sterling St. Thomas, ON, Canada acquired in 1998 to be phased out	Thomas Built Buses High Point, NC, USA acquired in 1998	Western Star Kelowna, BC, Canada acquired in 2000										Airbus Blagnac, France 80% est. in 1970

Dongfeng Wuhan, Hubei, China 489
Dongfeng Honda xxx, China 50%	Dongfeng Nissan xxx, China 50%	Dongfeng Yueda Kia xxx, China 50%	DPCA Wuhan, Hubei, China est. in 1992

Eicher New Delhi, India est. in 1982
Royal Enfield Chennai, India est. in 1955

FIAT Turin, Italy 2524
Abarth xxx, Italy est. in 1949 acquired in 1971	Alfa Romeo Milano, Italy acquired in 1986	Ferrari Maranello, Italy 85% acquired since 1969	FIAT Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil	FIAT Tychy, Poland	Lancia Turin, Italy acquired in 1969	SEVEL Atessa, Italy	SEVEL Nord Valenciennes, France	TOFAS Bursa, Turkey 50% est. in 1968	IVECO xxx, Italy est. in 1975				Magneti Marelli Corbetta, Italy	Maserati Modena, Italy acquired in 1993	Chrysler Auburn Hills, MI, USA 20% acquired in 2009
									Irisbus Barcelona, Spain est. in 1999			Naveco Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
									Heuliez xxx, France	Karosa Vysoke Myto, Czechia	Orlandi

First Automobile Works (FAW) Changchun, China 638 (not including Mazda, Toyota, Volkswagen)
FAW-Mazda Changchun, China	FAW-Volkswagen Changchun, China 60% est. in 1991	Haima Haikou, China	Tianjin Toyota Tianjin, China 50% est. in 2000

Fisker Irvine, CA, USA

Force Pune, India

Ford Dearborn, MI, USA 5407 (Atlanta, GA, Avon Lake, OH, Chicago, IL, Hazelwood, MO, Louisville, KY, Norfolk, VA, St. Paul, MN, Wayne, MI, Wixom, MI)
Auto Alliance Rayong, Thailand 50%	Ford Genk, Belgium	Ford xxx, Brazil	Ford xxx, Canada	Ford Cologne, Germany (Cologne, Saarlouis)	Ford xxx, Mexico (Hermosillo, Cuautitlán)	Ford Valencia, Spain	Ford	Ford Lio Ho xxx, Taiwan 70%	Lincoln	Mercury	Changan Ford Chongqing, China 50%	Jiangling Nanchang, Jianxi, China 30%	Mazda Hiroshima, Japan stake reduced to 14.9% in 2008	Visteon Van Buren Township, MI, USA est. in 1997

GAZ Nishny Novgorod, Russia 187
LDV Birmingham, England acquired in 2006 bankrupt in 2009

Geely Linhai, Zhejiang, China 221 est. in 1997
Emgrand brand est. in 2009	Gleagle brand est. in 2009	Shanghai Englon brand est. in 2009	Volvo Gothenburg, Sweden est. in 1927 acquired in 2010 (Torslanda)
			Volvo Gent, Belgium

General Motors (GM) Detroit, MI, USA 8283 (Arlington, TX, Bowling Green, TN, Fairfax, KS, Janesville, WI, Lansing, MI, Moraine, OH, Oklahoma City, OK, Pontiac, MI, Spring Hill, TN, Wilmington, DE) bankrupt in 2009
Buick	Cadillac	CAMI Ingersoll, ON, Canada est. in 1989	Chevrolet	GM Daewoo Incheon, Korea 50.9% acquired in 2002-2005 (Changwon, Incheon, Kunsan)	Delphi Troy, MI, USA est. in 1999	GM xxx, Brazil	GM Oshawa, ON, Canada	GM Ramos Arizpe, Mexico	GMC	Holden Melbourne, Australia	HUMMER	NUMMI Fremont, CA, USA 50% est. in 1984	Opel Rüsselsheim, Germany acquired in 1929 (Bochum, Eisenach, Kaiserslautern, Rüsselsheim)		Pontiac to be phased out	Saturn	Vauxhall Luton, England acquired in 1924	GM-Avtovaz Togliatti, Russia 42% est. in 2001	Shanghai General Motors Shanghai, China 50%	Wuling Liuzhou, Guangxi, China 34%
													Opel Gliwice, Poland	Opel Zagagoza, Spain

Ginaf Veenendaal, The Netherlands

Great Wall Baoding, Hebei, China 130 est. in 1984

Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group (GAIG) Guangzhou, China ?
Guangzhou Honda Guangzhou, China 50%	Guangzhou Toyota Guangzhou, China opened in 2006

Gumpert Altenburg, Germany

Hafei Harbin, China 227 est. in 1994

Hindustan Chennai, India ?

Honda Tokyo, Japan 3913
Acura brand	Honda Swindon, England	Honda xxx, Taiwan	Honda Marysville, OH, USA opened in 1979	Honda Lincoln, AL, USA opened in 2001	Honda	Dongfeng Honda xxx, China 50%	Guangzhou Honda Guangzhou, China 50%

Hyundai Seoul, Korea 4172 (Asan, Chonju, Ulsan) est. in 1967
Hyundai Nošovice, Czechia opened in 2008	Hyundai Montgomery, AL, USA opened in 2005	Kia Seoul, Korea 51% acquired in 1998 (Hwasung, Kwangju, Sohari) est. in 1944		Beijing Hyundai Beijing, China
		Kia Zilina, Slovakia opened in 2006	Dongfeng Yueda Kia xxx, China 50%

International Application Technology (IAT) xxx, China

International (Navistar) Chicago, IL, USA 90

Iran Khodro Tehran, Iran
Hyundai license production	Mercedes-Benz license production	Peugeot license production

Isuzu Tokyo, Japan 539

Anhui Jianghuai (JAC) Hefei, Anhui, China 208 est. in 1964

Jiangling (JMC) Nanchang, Jianxi, China opened in 1997
Landwind brand

KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan, Russia est. in 1969

Karmann Osnabrück, Germany bankrupt in 2009

Koenigsegg Ängelholm, Sweden est. in 1993

Lada Togliatti, Russia 802
	GM-Avtovaz Togliatti, Russia 42% est. in 2001

Lifan Chongqing, China 123 est. in 1992

Magna Aurora, ON, Canada
Magna Steyr Graz, Austria

Mahindra Mumbai, India 163

MAN Munich, Germany 108
MAN Starachowice, Poland acquired in 1999	Neoplan Stuttgart, Germany acquired in 2000	ÖAF Vienna, Austria (Steyr, Vienna)	VW Resende, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil acquired in 2009	Scania Södertälje, Sweden 11.5% acquired in 2006	Sinotruk Jinan, Shandong, China 25% acquired in 2009

Mastretta Mexico City, Mexico

Mazda Hiroshima, Japan 1349
Auto Alliance Rayong, Thailand 50%	FAW-Mazda Changchun, China	Haima Haikou, China

MCI Schaumburg, IL, USA

Mitsubishi Tokyo, Japan 1309 (Mizushima, Nagoya)
Mitsubishi xxx, Philippines 51%	Mitsubishi xxx, Thailand	Mitsubishi Normal, IL, USA	NedCar Born, The Netherlands 100% acquired in 2001	Changfeng Changsha, Hunan, China 14.6%	China Motor xxx, Taiwan 13.9%	Soueast Fuzhou, Fujian, China 25%

Mitsuoka Tokyo, Japan

Morgan Malvern Link, England

Moskvitch Moscow, Russia

NICE London, England est. in 2006

Oshkosh Oshkosh, WI, USA

Paccar Bellevue, WA, USA 125
DAF Eindhoven, The Netherlands acquired in 1996	Foden Sandbach, England	Kenworth	Peterbilt

Pagani San Cesario sul Panaro, Italy est. in 1988

Perodua Rawang, Malaysia

Peugeot (PSA) Paris, France 3325
Citroën Neuilly sur Seine, France 90% acquired in 1974-1976	Faurecia Nanterre, France 71%	Peugeot Ryton, England	Peugeot Trnava, Slovakia	Peugeot xxx, Spain	SEVEL Atessa, Italy	SEVEL Nord Valenciennes, France	TPCA Kolin, Czechia 50% opened in 2005	DPCA Wuhan, Hubei, China est. in 1992

Pininfarina Turin, Italy

Porsche Stuttgart, Germany 97 (Stuttgart, Leipzig)

Proton Shah Alam, Malaysia 157
Lotus Norwich, England acquired in 1996

Rába Gyõr, Hungary

Renault Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2417 (not including Nissan)
Dacia Bucharest, Romania 99% acquired since 1999 (Pitesi)	Nissan Tokyo, Japan 43.2% acquired in 1999-2002 3395										Renault Novo Mesto, Slovenia	Renault xxx, Spain	Renault Bursa, Turkey	Samsung Seoul, Korea 70.1% acquired in 2000 (Busan)	Daimler Stuttgart, Germany 1.6% acquired in 2010	Lada Togliatti, Russia 25% acquired in 2007	Volvo Göteborg, Sweden 20% acquired in 2000
	Infiniti brand	Nissan Sunderland, England	Nissan Aguascalientes, Mexico	Nissan Barcelona, Spain	Nissan xxx, Thailand	Nissan Smyrna, TN, USA	Daimler Stuttgart, Germany 1.6% acquired in 2010	Dongfeng Nissan xxx, China 50%	Renault Boulogne-Billancourt, France 15% acquired in 2002	Yulon xxx, Taiwan 25%

Reva Bangalore, India est. in 1994

Ruf Pfaffenhausen, Germany est. in 1939

Saipa Tehran, Iran
Citroën license production	Kia license production

Saleen Irvine, CA, USA est. in 1983

Santana Linares, Spain est. in 1956

Shaanxi Xian, China 75

Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) Shanghai, China 282 (not including GM, Volkswagen)
Nanjing (NAC) Nanjing, Jiangsu, China acquired in 2007			Roewe brand est. in 2006	Shanghai General Motors Shanghai, China 50%	Shanghai Volkswagen Shanghai, China 50%	SsangYong Pyungtaek, Korea est. in 1954 51.3% acquired in 2004-2005 (Changwon, Pyungtaek)	Wuling Liuzhou, Guangxi, China 51%	GM Daewoo Incheon, Korea 9.7% acquired in 2002
MG Longbridge, England acquired in 2005	Naveco Nanjing, Jiangsu, China	Yuejin brand

Shuanghuan Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China est. in 1988

Sinotruk Jinan, Shandong, China 106

Sisu Karjaa, Finland

Solaris Owinska, Poland est. in 1994

Soueast Fuzhou, Fujian, China est. in 1995

Spyker Zeewolde, The Netherlands est. in 1999
SAAB Trollhättan, Sweden acquired in 2010 est. in 1947

Subaru Tokyo, Japan 616
SIA Lafayette, IN, USA est. in 1987

Suzuki Hamamatsu, Japan 2624
CAMI Ingersoll, ON, Canada est. in 1989	Maruti New Delhi, India 50% est. in 1982	Suzuki Esztergom, Hungary est. in 1993	Suzuki	Changan Suzuki Chongqing, China 35%	Changhe Suzuki Jingdezhen, Jiangxi,China	GM Daewoo Incheon, Korea 15% acquired in 2002 (Changwon, Incheon, Kunsan)

Tango Spokane, WA, USA

Tata Pune, India 798 est. in 1945
Daewoo Kunsan, Korea acquired in 2004	Jaguar Whitley, England est. in 1922, acquired in 2008 (Birmingham, Liverpool)	Land Rover Solihull, England est. in 1948, acquired in 2008	Hispano Zaragoza, Spain 21%

Tatra Koprivnice, Czechia

Tesla San Carlos, CA, USA

Think Snarøya, Norway

Toyota Toyota City, Japan 9238 (including Daihatsu, Hino)
Daihatsu Osaka, Japan 51.6%	Hino Tokyo, Japan 50.1%	Kuozui xxx, Taiwan	Lexus brand	NUMMI Fremont, CA, USA 50% est. in 1984	Panasonic EV Energy Kosai, Shizuoka, Japan 60% est. in 1996	Scion brand launched in 2003	TMMC Cambridge, ON, Canada	TMMK Georgetown, KY, USA	TMUK Burnaston, England	Toyota xxx, Thailand	TPCA Kolin, Czechia 50% opened in 2005	Aisin Kariya, Aichi, Japan 30%	Denso Aichi, Japan	Guangzhou Toyota Guangzhou, China opened in 2006	Subaru Tokyo, Japan 10% acquired in 2005	Tianjin Toyota Tianjin, China 42% est. in 2000	Yamaha Iwata City, Japan 4.6%

TVR Blackpool, England

UAZ Ulianovsk , Russia 72

Ural Miass , Russia

Valmet Uusikaupunki, Finland

Van Hool Lier, Belgium

Volkswagen (VW) Wolfsburg, Germany 50.8% acquired in 2005-2009 6517 (including Scania) (Braunschweig, Dresden, Emden, Hannover, Kassel, Mosel, Salzgitter, Wolfsburg)
Audi Ingolstadt, Germany acquired in 1966 (Ingolstadt, Neckarsulm)			Bentley Crewe, England acquired in 1998	Bugatti Molsheim, France acquired in 1998 relaunch in 2005	Scania Södertälje, Sweden 72% acquired in 2000-2009	SEAT Barcelona, Spain 100% acquired in 1986-1990 (Barcelona, Martorell)	Škoda Mladá Boleslav, Czechia 100% acquired in 1990-2000	VW Brussels, Belgium	VW xxx, Brazil (Anchieta, SP, Resende, RJ, Taubaté, SP)	VW Puebla, Mexico	VW Poznan, Poland	VW Palmela, Portugal	VW Kaluga, Russia	VW Bratislava, Slovakia	VW Pamplona, Spain	FAW-Volkswagen Changchun, China 30% est. in 1991	MAN Munich, Germany 29.9% acquired in 2006-2007	Porsche Stuttgart, Germany 49.9% acquired in 2009	Shanghai Volkswagen Shanghai, China 50%	Suzuki Hamamatsu, Japan 19.9% acquired in 2009
Audi Gyõr, Hungary est. in 1993	Lamborghini Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy acquired in 1998	FAW-Volkswagen Changchun, China 10% est. in 1991

Volvo Gothenburg, Sweden 249 est. in 1927
Mack Allentown, PA, USA 100% acquired in 2001	Nissan Diesel Ageo City, Japan 100% acquired in 2006-2007	Prevost Ste. Claire, QC, Canada 51% acquired in 1995	Renault Trucks Saint Priest, France 100% acquired in 2001

Wiesmann Dülmen, Germany

Yaxing Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China

Yulon xxx, Taiwan
Luxgen brand est. in 2009	China Motor xxx, Taiwan 8%

Yutong Zhengzhou, Henan, China est. in 1963

References

Details given here were collected from the respective company web pages, and the following sources:

Auto Motor und Sport (in German)
Der Spiegel (in German)
Die Welt (in German)
Financial Times Deutschland (in German)
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Korea Automobile Manufacturers Association
Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles
The Korea Herald
James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, Daniel Roos, The Machine that changed the World: The Story of Lean Production. Harper Perennial, New York, 1991

About ...

Comments? Updates? Something missing? I would be happy to hear from you! Thanks to Ali (Alberzell), Hajo (Montgomery, AL), Isa (Villingen-Schwenningen), Jason (Taichung), Johannes (Saarbrücken), Kristine (London), Mayumi (Fukuoka), Norio (Tokyo), and Peter (North Ferrisburg, VT) for helpful comments and hints.

All material appearing on this page has been thoroughly checked, but may be incomplete or out of date. No responsibility can be assumed for any inaccuracies.